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Linking Your PE Accounts to Your GitHub Accounts

Prerequisites

  1. You should already have your SoC Unix account, cluster access, and SoC VPN set up, and be able to ssh into one of the CS1010 PE nodes. If you are not able to do this, please look at the guide on CS1010 programming environments
  2. You should be comfortable with running basic UNIX commands. If you have not gone through the UNIX guide and get your hands dirty, please look at the guide and play with the various basic Unix commands.
  3. You should already have a GitHub account and can log into GitHub.com.

Purpose

Your will be using git (indirectly) for retrieving skeleton code and submitting completed assignments. We will set up your accounts on PE hosts below so that git will be associated with your GitHub account. This is a one-time setup. You don't have to do this for every assignment.

1. Setting up .gitconfig

Create and edit a file called .gitconfig in your home directory on the PE host, with the following content:

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[user]
  name = Your Name
  email = Your Email
[github]  
  user = Your GitHub ID

Your email should be whatever you used to sign up GitHub (which may not be your SoC or NUS email).

For example, a sample .gitconfig looks like this:

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[user]
  name = Elsa
  email = queen@arendelle.gov
[github]  
  user = elsasnow16

After saving this file, run:

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git config --get github.user

It should return your GitHub user id.

It should print your GitHub user id as already set. If there is a typo, you need to edit .gitconfig again and reload it by repeating the command above.

2. Setting up Password-less Login

Every time we run git, we need to authenticate ourselves to GitHub, with GitHub moving to use a personal authentication token instead of a password for authentication, this can be a bit tedious, and could add to the stress especially if you are trying to submit your assignment 30 seconds before the deadline.

We, therefore, recommend setting up password-less login to GitHub using SSH keys.

Basic of SSH Keys

SSH uses public-key cryptography for authentication. The keys come in pairs: a public key and a private key. The private key must be kept safe and known only to you. You should keep the private key in your account, and not share it with others.

To authenticate yourself to another host or service, you configure the host/service with your public key. When it is time for you to log in, your private key is "matched"1 with your public key. Since only you know your private key, the service or the host can be sure that you are you and not someone else.

Suppose you want to log in from host X to host Y without a password. You generate a pair of keys on X, then keep the private keys on X and store the public keys on Y. If you want to setup SSH Keys so that you can log into CS1010 PE nodes from your computer without a password, for example, you generate the pair of keys on your computer (X) and then copy the public key to CS1010 PE nodes.

Our goal now is to authenticate ourselves to GitHub from the CS1010 PE nodes. So, X is the PE nodes, and Y is GitHub.

Generating SSH keys

The steps are explained in detail on GitHub Docs. Here is a summary of the steps that you should follow for CS1010:

On any of the PE nodes, run 

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ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "your_email@example.com"
where your_email@example.com is the email your associate with you used to sign up your GitHub account (i.e., the same one you entered in .gitconfig).

The command will prompt you where to save the key. Just press Enter to save into the default location, which is $HOME/.ssh/id_ed25519.

You will then be prompted for a passphrase. Since our goal is to automate assignment submission without needing to type anything, you should enter an empty passphrase. This increases the security risk, but then, we are working with CS1010 assignments here, not a top-secret project. So empty passphrase will do.

You should see something like this: 

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ooiwt@pe119:~$ ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "ooiwt@comp.nus.edu.sg"
Generating public/private ed25519 key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/o/ooiwt/.ssh/id_ed25519):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/o/ooiwt/.ssh/id_ed25519.
Your public key has been saved in /home/o/ooiwt/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:Br3wg7mplVuPyuDz8yZVDSh8Mn5ls5+yPZhTvGzmAkk ooiwt@comp.nus.edu.sg
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ED25519 256]--+
|   .   .         |
|    = o.=        |
|   . =oo.=.      |
|   .E=.=o...     |
|  ..Bo=ooS. .    |
| . =o+.++ o      |
|  + +o = +       |
|   oo = O        |
|    .=oB..       |
+----[SHA256]-----+

Adding Your CS1010 Public Key to Your GitHub Account

The next step involves logging into GitHub.com, click on your avatar on the top right corner, and choose "Settings". Then choose "SSH and GPG keys" on the sidebar.

Then, click either "New SSH key" or "Add SSH key". Enter an appropriate title for the key (e.g., "CS1010 PE Hosts").

Next, you need to paste your public key into the text box. Go back to your terminal and run 

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cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub

Remember that cat just dumps the content of the file to the standard output. Now, you need to copy the content of the file displayed on the terminal, which is your public key, and paste it into the text box in the browser. Your key should start with ssh-ed22519 and ends with your email address. For instance, this is the exact text that I copy-pasted: 

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ssh-ed25519 AAAZC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE8AAAAIDdmwMpRrhRB95u7CTahehtBEeOdhSxDQdlpCxBK3KCP ooiwt@comp.nus.edu.sg

I showed the above as an example, don't use my public key for your GitHub. Otherwise, I will have access to your account :)

After entering the title and key above, click the green "Add SSH key" button to add the key you entered. If prompted, confirm your GitHub password.

These steps are explained in detail on GitHub Docs.

3. Checking Your Authentication Settings

To check if you can connect to git@github.com using SSH keys, run: 

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ssh -T git@github.com

If everything is set up correctly, you will see the message 

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Hi ooiwt! You've successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not provide shell access.

Otherwise, you should see 

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git@github.com: Permission denied (publickey).

or other error messages.

Note that you need to connect with the username git. Do not use your GitHub username (e.g., do not use ssh -T ooiwt@github.com)

  1. I skipped many cool details here. This topic is part of CS2105 and CS2107. Interested students can google up various articles and videos online about how public-key cryptography is used for authentication. ↩